Meadow kaska: menene hatsarin wannan mafarauci mai shiru, yana jiran ganimarsa a cikin ciyawa
Dermacentor marginatus shine mite na makiyaya. Ana rarraba kwaro a duk faɗin duniya kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi haɗari ga dabbobi da mutane. Waɗannan masu shayarwar jini ne ke ɗauke da cututtukan da ke haifar da kaska mafi haɗari: encephalitis, babesiosis, tyalyaerma.
Abubuwa
Menene kaska makiyaya
Jinsunan Dermacentor reticulatus na cikin dangin ixodid ticks ne. A Rasha, ta mamaye matsayi na gaba a tsakanin sauran nau'ikan dangane da yawan yaduwar cututtuka masu haɗari ga dabbobi da mutane.
Внешний вид
Bayyanar kaska na makiyaya yana da kyau ga duk wakilan ixodid:
- Girman jikin mai jin yunwa shine 4-5 mm, bayan shan jini, yana ƙaruwa da girman 1 cm;
- jiki ne m, lebur, ya ƙunshi kai (gnatosomes) da jiki (idiosomes), a cikin maza ƙarshen gaban ya fi na mata kyau;
- launi yana da launin ruwan kasa, akwai alamar farar fata a baya;
- jikin mace ya fi na roba kuma an rufe shi da garkuwar chitinous kawai ta uku;
- babba yana da nau'i-nau'i 4 na ƙafafu, nymphs da larvae suna da 3, tafin hannu suna da launin ruwan kasa tare da fararen ratsi masu juyawa;
- Ba kamar yawancin nau'ikan kaska ba, ticks na makiyaya suna da idanu, kodayake ba su da kyau sosai.
Tsarin ciki
Tsarin juyayi na kwaro yana da asali kuma ya ƙunshi kawai bututun jijiyoyi, wanda ke gudana a ƙarƙashin garkuwa na sama daga kai zuwa dubura na kaska. 22 jijiyoyi sun tashi daga bututu, wanda ke sarrafa aikin gabobin, proboscis da gabobin ciki.
Ana aiwatar da aikin numfashi tare da taimakon trachea, huhu ba ya nan. Buɗewar buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗa yana buɗewa a cikin yankin da ke kusa da kafafun baya.
Hakanan tsarin narkewa yana da tsari mai sauƙi. Buɗe baki da glandan salivary suna kaiwa zuwa pharynx, wanda ke aiki kamar famfo yayin ciyarwa. pharynx yana buɗewa zuwa cikin esophagus, wanda ya shiga cikin dubura. Matakan makafi 12 sun tashi daga hanji, wanda ke cika da jini yayin shan abinci. Hanjin yana kaiwa zuwa ga mafitsara, wanda ya ƙare a cikin buɗe ido.
Zagayowar rayuwa da haifuwa
Ci gaban kaska yana faruwa a cikin shekara, yanayin rayuwa ya ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa:
Matsayin haɓakar mahaifa yana ɗaukar makonni 2-7. Kwayoyin mite na Meadow suna da launin rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa, 0,5-1 mm a diamita. Masonry yayi kama da tsibi.
Launin larvae masu fama da yunwa shine rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa, bayan ciyarwa, tsutsa ta zama ja-ja-ja. Ya bambanta da manya a cikin adadin paws (6, ba 8 ba), rashin buɗewar al'aurar da filayen pore. Garkuwar chitinous tana rufe gaban jiki ne kawai. Larvae yana ƙyanƙyashe a watan Yuni kuma ya fara lalata har zuwa Agusta. Wadanda abin ya shafa kananan dabbobi ne da tsuntsaye. Suna cin abinci na kwanaki 3-5, suna kaiwa haɓakar nauyin jiki da sau 10-20.
A wannan mataki na ci gaba, ƙafafu na huɗu suna girma a cikin kaska kuma girgiza sun bayyana. Budewar al'aura ba ya nan. Nymphs suna bayyana a watan Yuli kuma suna parasitize har zuwa ƙarshen Agusta. Suna kai hari ga manyan dabbobi: karnuka, kuliyoyi, tumaki, awaki, da sauransu. Suna ciyar da kwanaki 3-8, suna ƙara nauyin jiki da sau 10-200.
Baligi yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 2. Farauta a lokacin lokacin dumi - daga ƙarshen Maris zuwa farkon Satumba. Kwanan wata na iya bambanta dangane da yanayin yanayi. An zaɓi manyan dabbobi masu ɗumi, mutane, a matsayin waɗanda abin ya shafa.
An raba daidaikun mutane a fili maza da mata. Suna da yawan haifuwa. Ciwon mitsitsin da aka ci da kyau ne kawai ke haifuwa. Namiji, da ya sha jini, ya sa mace ya mutu. Matar bayan ciyarwa ta bar jikin mai gida ta yi kwai. Mace daya na iya yin kwai har 500.
nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da ilimin dabi'a
A cikin bayyanar, mite na makiyaya ya fi kama da Dermacentor daghestanicus. Ya bambanta da cewa a cikin mata, scutellum kusan an rufe shi da wani nau'i mai launin fata, kunkuntar kunkuntar bangon duhu yana samuwa ne kawai a cikin yanki na tsagi na mahaifa.
Rarraba yanki
Kaska na makiyaya yana rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Siberiya da Turai, mafi yawan tarin kwayoyin cuta ana samun su a wuraren kiwo da wuraren kiwo, a wuraren da ake yawan zirga-zirgar shanu, yayin da kwaro ke da juriya ga ambaliya da ambaliya. Rarraba a cikin steppes na Ukraine, a cikin Crimea, a cikin Caucasus, a Kazakhstan (ban da ta kudancin part), a cikin tsaunuka na tsakiyar Asiya, kudu da kuma gabashin Siberiya.
Lokaci na aiki na kaska makiyaya
Kwari suna da juriya sosai ga sanyi kuma suna tashi daga bacci tare da bayyanar facin farko da aka narke. Babban kololuwar aikin su a cikin kakar yana faɗuwa a watan Afrilu-Mayu: a wannan lokacin, masu shayarwar jini suna da ƙarfi sosai saboda yunwa kuma suna kai hari ga manya da matsakaitan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
A tsakiyar lokacin rani, aikin ticks yana raguwa - wannan lokacin yana har zuwa Agusta.
A ƙarshen lokacin rani / farkon kaka, wani haɓakar ayyuka yana farawa; suna dakatar da ayyukansu gaba ɗaya kawai tare da dusar ƙanƙara. Manya ne kawai za su iya tsira daga lokacin hunturu, tsutsa da nymphs waɗanda ba su da lokacin da za su mutu.
Halitta maƙiyan makiyaya mites
Yanayin ya kula cewa yawan kaska ba zai karu har abada ba. Masu shayarwar jini suna a ƙarshen sarkar abinci kuma sune muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi a cikinsa. Ticks suna da isassun abokan gaba na halitta, ana cinye su:
- tsuntsaye (yawanci sparrows, thrushs, starlings, masu cin kaska, ja);
- sauran kwari (gizo-gizo, ƙasa beetles, tururuwa, mahayi, dragonflies, wasps);
- dabbobi masu rarrafe (lizards, frogs da toads).
Mafi munin abokan gaba na ticks sune fungal spores da ke haifar da cututtuka na arthropods.
Me yasa kwayar cutar parasite ke da hatsari?
Tushen kaska na makiyaya na iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka masu haɗari ga ɗan adam:
- Encephalitis mai kaska. An dauke shi a matsayin cuta mafi haɗari a cikin duk abin da kaska ke ɗauka. Cutar tana shafar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya na mutum, yawancin masu kamuwa da cutar sun zama nakasa. A sakamakon kamuwa da cuta tare da encephalitis, mai tsanani juyayi da kuma shafi tunanin mutum cuta faruwa: paralysis, paresis, rashin fahimta da kuma mafi girma shafi tunanin mutum ayyuka.
- Tularemia. Alamomin cutar suna da alamun haɓakar ƙwayoyin lymph, zazzaɓi mai tsanani da ciwon kai, damuwa barci. Tularemia na iya haifar da rikice-rikice masu tsanani irin su arthritis, meningitis, encephalitis, ciwon huhu, da girgiza mai guba. Ana kula da cutar da maganin rigakafi a asibiti.
- Omsk hemorrhagic zazzabi. Yana bayyana kanta a cikin nau'i na zubar da jini a kan fata, karuwa mai girma a cikin zafin jiki, tsoka da ciwon kai.
- Piroplasmosis (babesiosis). Dabbobin dabbobi suna da saurin kamuwa da cutar, amma kuma mutane na iya kamuwa da cutar idan an rage rigakafinsu sosai. Dabbobin da suka kamu da piroplasmosis galibi suna mutuwa, musamman idan ba a fara jiyya akan lokaci ba. Alamun babesiosis: zazzaɓi, canza launin mucous membranes da fitsari, rushewar gastrointestinal tract.
Matakan magance kwari
Matakan yaƙar dermacentor marginatus iri ɗaya ne da sauran ixodid.
Matakan hanyoyin kariya
Don guje wa harin mai cutar jini mai haɗari, ana ba da shawarar aiwatar da matakan kariya masu zuwa:
- gudanar da rigakafin rigakafi na mutane da dabbobin gida;
- yin amfani da tufafi masu kariya don tafiya a cikin wuraren zama na parasites, rigakafin wuraren bude jiki na jiki;
- yin amfani da magunguna da magungunan kashe kwari;
- dubawa na yau da kullum yayin tafiya na jiki da tufafi don bayyanar kaska a kansu;
- share yankin daga matattu, shuka da sauran tarkace, hana zubar da ƙasa.
Ayyukan fada
Ana aiwatar da matakan kawar da su a cikin gidaje, a kan filaye da tantuna tare da taimakon magungunan kwari da acaricidal na musamman a cikin nau'i na ƙura da aerosols.
Ana iya yin aiki da kansa ko tare da sa hannu na ayyuka na musamman.
Don halakar da ƙwayoyin cuta a kan dabbobin gona, ana gudanar da maganin acaricidal tare da magungunan da sabis na dabbobi ya amince da su.
Kariya daga cizon ƙwaro mai haɗari
Anan akwai ƙarin cikakkun bayanai kan yadda ake kare kanku daga cizon kaska:
- Don tafiya a wurare masu haɗari masu haɗari, ya kamata ku zaɓi tufafi na launuka masu haske - yana da sauƙi don gano kwayar cutar a cikinsa. Jaket, rigar ya kamata a saka a cikin wando, da wando - a cikin safa da takalma. Tabbatar yin amfani da hula (zai fi dacewa gyale) da kaho. Ya kamata a tuna cewa kaska yana rarrafe daga ƙasa zuwa sama.
- Tabbatar yin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, shirye-shiryen acaricidal. Na farko yana tsoratar da masu shan jini da wari, na ƙarshe ya hallaka su ta hanyar gurgunta su. Ga mutane, ana samun kwayoyi a cikin nau'in sprays, aerosols, man shafawa. Ga dabbobi - a cikin nau'i na kwala, saukad da kan withers da sprays.
- A lokacin tafiya da kuma bayan dawowa gida, wajibi ne a bincika jiki a hankali. Ticks suna zaɓar su ciji wurare tare da fata mai laushi da bakin ciki: yankin bayan kunnuwa, a cikin makwancin gwaiwa, wuyansa, ciki, ƙarƙashin gwiwa, gwiwar hannu.