Matsakaicin saurin tashi a cikin jirgin: abubuwan ban mamaki na matukan jirgi masu fuka-fukai biyu

Marubucin labarin
Ra'ayoyin 611
4 min. don karatu

An san kwari ga duk kwari masu tashi, masu ban haushi. A cikin lokacin dumi, suna cutar da mutum ƙwarai: suna ciji, kada su bar su barci kuma su lalata abinci. Kwari ba su da daɗi ga mutane, kuma masana kimiyya suna da sha'awa sosai, musamman, ana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga tambayoyi game da yadda kwari ke tashi. Daga ra'ayi na aerodynamics, jirgin wannan Diptera wani abu ne na musamman.

Yaya fuka-fukan tashi

An saita fuka-fukan vertebrates a motsi tare da taimakon tsokoki na kansu, amma babu tsokoki a cikin fuka-fukan wannan arthropod. Suna motsawa saboda raguwar tsokoki na kirji, wanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar amfani da na'ura na musamman.
A lokaci guda kuma, fikafikan da kansu an jera su daban da na tsuntsaye da jemagu. Sun ƙunshi bango na sama da ƙasa, kowannensu an kafa shi ta hanyar wani nau'i na hypodermis, kuma an rufe shi a saman tare da cuticle. Tsakanin ganuwar akwai kunkuntar wuri mai cike da hemolymph.
Har ila yau, reshe yana da tsarin chitinous tubes-veins. Rashin fuka-fuki na biyu na ba da damar ƙudaje su yi motsi akai-akai da motsi yayin tashi. An rage nau'i-nau'i na fuka-fuki zuwa gabobin tsiro mai tsayi da ake kira halteres.
Wadannan gabobin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin tashin hankali - godiya ga girgizar su, wanda ke faruwa a wasu lokuta, kwari ba zai iya ƙara yawan bugun fuka-fuki ba a hankali, amma nan da nan ya kaddamar da wani babban gudun, wanda ya ba shi damar rabu da shi. saman a cikin dakika daya.
Har ila yau, ana saukar da halteres ta hanyar masu karɓa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin stabilizers - suna motsawa a cikin mita ɗaya kamar fuka-fuki. Sautin da ake ji a lokacin tafiyar kuda (“buzz iri daya”) sakamakon girgizar wadannan gabobin ne, ba bugun fikafikai ba.
Tsokoki masu tashi na kwari sun kasu kashi biyu: iko da jagora (steering). Na farko sun ci gaba sosai kuma ana la'akari da su a cikin mafi ƙarfi a cikin daular dabbobi. Amma ba su da sassauƙa, don haka ba shi yiwuwa a yi motsi tare da taimakonsu. Tsokoki masu tuƙi suna ba da daidaito ga jirgin - akwai goma sha biyu daga cikinsu.

Siffofin jirgin tashi

Kowane mutum na iya gamsuwa da asali na aerodynamics na jirgin - saboda wannan ya isa ya dubi kwari. Ana iya ganin kamar Diptera ba ya sarrafa jirginsu: ko dai suna shawagi a cikin iska, sannan su yi gaba da sauri ko kuma su canza alkibla, suna jujjuya cikin iska. Wannan hali yana sha'awar masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Bincike ta California. Don nazarin tsarin jirgin, ƙwararrun sun kafa gwaji a kan gardamar Drosophila. An sanya kwarin a cikin wani na'urar motsa jiki na musamman: a cikinsa, ya harba fuka-fukinsa, kuma yanayin da ke kewaye da shi ya canza, ya tilasta masa ya canza hanyar jirgin.
A cikin binciken, an bayyana cewa kwari ba su da wani yanayi - suna tashi a cikin zigzags. A lokaci guda kuma, jirgin ba shi da hargitsi, mafi yawan lokuta ana ƙaddara shi ta hanyar buƙatun ciki na kwari: yunwa, dabi'ar haifuwa, yanayin haɗari - idan kuda ya ga wani cikas a cikin hanyarsa, yana da sauri. kuma cikin nasara ya motsa. Abin mamaki, ƙuda baya buƙatar hanzari don tashi, kuma ba ya buƙatar jinkirin sauka. Har ya zuwa yau, masu bincike ba su iya yin cikakken nazarin duk hanyoyin irin wannan motsin da ba a saba gani ba.

Babban nau'ikan jirgin tashi

Babu bayyanannen rarrabuwa tsakanin nau'ikan jirgin kuma akwai bambance-bambancen su da yawa.

Mafi sau da yawa, masana kimiyya suna amfani da rarrabuwa mai zuwa:

  • gantali - kwarin yana motsawa ƙarƙashin rinjayar ƙarfin waje, misali, iska;
  • parachute - Kuda ya tashi, sannan ya baje fikafikansa a cikin iska ya sauka, kamar a kan parachute;
  • tashin hankali - kwarin yana amfani da igiyoyin iska, wanda saboda haka akwai motsi gaba da sama.

Idan dipteran yana buƙatar shawo kan babban nisa (kimanin 2-3 km.), Sa'an nan kuma yana haɓaka babban sauri kuma baya tsayawa a lokacin jirgin.

Jirgin tashi. (Duba komai!) #13

Yaya saurin tashi

Arthopod yana tashi da sauri fiye da yadda mutum ke tafiya. Matsakaicin gudunsa shine 6,4 km/h.

Akwai nau'ikan da ke da alamun saurin gudu da yawa, alal misali, doki dawakai suna iya kaiwa gudun har zuwa 60 km / h.

Ikon Diptera don tashi da sauri yana ba su kyakkyawar rayuwa: cikin sauƙin ɓoyewa daga abokan gaba kuma suna samun yanayi mai kyau na rayuwa.

Yaya tsayi zai iya tashi

Masana kimiyya sun gudanar da gano cewa tsayin jirgin yana iyakance, amma alamun har yanzu suna da ban sha'awa - balagagge zai iya tashi har zuwa bene na 10. A lokaci guda kuma, an san cewa abubuwan waje, kamar saurin iska da alkibla, suna shafar tsayin jirgin.

A kan yanar gizo, za ku iya samun bayanin cewa an lura cewa ƙudaje sun kai bene na 20, amma babu wani shaida na gwaji game da wannan.

Ba dole ba ne ƙudaje su yi tsayi da yawa: duk abin da suke buƙata don rayuwa ta al'ada yana kusa da ƙasa. Suna samun abincinsu a wuraren da ake zubar da shara, da shara da kuma gidajen mutane.

 

saurin tashi.

Matsakaicin iyakar jirgin tashi

Kwarin kuma yana da ban mamaki a cikin ikonsa na yin tafiya mai nisa - yana iya tashi kilomita 3. ba tsayawa na awa daya kawai. Duk da haka, don waɗannan iyawar su bayyana kansu, kwari dole ne su sami dalilai masu kyau.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, abubuwan buƙatu na jiki ne ke motsa su kamar yunwa, sha'awar saduwa, ko buƙatar yin ƙwai. Sau da yawa ba sa tashi irin wannan nisa mai nisa, tun da yake a kusa da kusa za su iya samun duk abin da suke bukata.

Amazing aerodynamic Properties na kwari

A cikin aerodynamics, babu wani kwari da zai iya kwatanta shi. Idan masu bincike zasu iya tona duk sirrin jirginsa, to akan waɗannan ka'idodin za'a iya kera jirgin sama na zamani. A lokacin nazarin jiragen sama, masana kimiyya sun rubuta abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa:

  1. A lokacin jirgin, reshe yana yin motsi masu kama da tuƙi tare da oars - yana jujjuyawa dangane da axis na tsaye kuma yana ɗaukar matsayi iri-iri.
  2. A cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya, kwarin yana yin fiffike ɗari da yawa.
  3. Jirgin yana da motsi sosai - don juyawa cikin sauri da digiri 120, ƙuda yana yin kusan flaps 18 a cikin miliyon 80.
A baya
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awaNawa kuda ke da kuda kuma ta yaya aka tsara su: menene banbancin kafafun kwaro mai fuka-fuki
Na gaba
KwariAbin da kwari ke ci a gida da abin da suke ci a yanayi: abincin da ke damun makwabta Diptera
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