Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da dabbobi masu rarrafe
Ra'ayoyin 117
6 min. don karatu
Mun samu 28 abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da dabbobi masu rarrafe
Na farko amniotes
Dabbobi masu rarrafe manyan gungun dabbobi ne, gami da nau'ikan sama da 10.
Mutanen da ke rayuwa a duniya su ne mafi dacewa da juriya na wakilan dabbobin da suka mamaye duniya kafin bala'in asteroid ya yi tasiri shekaru miliyan 66 da suka wuce.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna zuwa da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, ciki har da kunkuru masu harsashi, manyan kada masu farauta, ƙawaye masu launi da macizai. Suna zaune a dukkan nahiyoyi banda Antarctica, yanayin da ya sa wanzuwar waɗannan halittu masu jin sanyi ba zai yiwu ba.
1
Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun haɗa da rukunoni shida na dabbobi (umarni da na ƙasa).
Waɗannan su ne kunkuru, kada, macizai, amphibians, lizards da sphenodontids.
2
Magabatan farko na dabbobi masu rarrafe sun bayyana a duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 312 da suka wuce.
Wannan shine lokacin Carboniferous na ƙarshe. Duka adadin iskar oxygen da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya ya ninka sau biyu. Mafi mahimmanci, sun fito ne daga dabbobi daga clade Reptiliomorpha, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin wuraren tafki masu tafiya a hankali da swamps.
3
Tsofaffin wakilai na dabbobi masu rarrafe sune sphenodonnts.
Burbushin halittu na farko sun kasance shekaru miliyan 250, da yawa fiye da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe: kadangaru (miliyan 220), crocodiles (miliyan 201.3), kunkuru (miliyan 170) da masu amphibians (miliyan 80).
4
Wakilan masu rai kawai na sphenodont sune tuatara. Kewayon su yana da ƙanƙanta sosai, gami da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a cikin New Zealand.
Duk da haka, wakilan yau na sphenodonts sun bambanta sosai da kakanninsu waɗanda suka rayu miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. Waɗannan su ne mafi daɗaɗɗen halittu fiye da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsarin kwakwalwarsu da tsarin tafiyarsu sun fi kama da masu amphibians, kuma zukatansu sun fi na sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe. Ba su da bronchi, huhun ɗaki ɗaya.
5
Dabbobi masu rarrafe dabbobi ne masu jin sanyi, don haka suna buƙatar abubuwan waje don daidaita yanayin jikinsu.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa ikon kula da zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa da na dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe yawanci suna kula da ƙananan zafin jiki, wanda, dangane da nau'in, jeri daga 24 ° zuwa 35 ° C. Koyaya, akwai nau'ikan da ke rayuwa cikin matsanancin yanayi (misali, Pustyniogwan), wanda mafi kyawun zafin jiki na jiki ya fi na dabbobi masu shayarwa, kama daga 35 ° zuwa 40 ° C.
6
Ana ɗaukar dabbobi masu rarrafe marasa hankali fiye da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Matsayin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa (rabo girman kwakwalwa da sauran jiki) na waɗannan dabbobin shine 10% na dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Girman kwakwalwarsu dangane da yawan jiki ya fi na dabbobi masu shayarwa yawa. Duk da haka, akwai keɓancewa ga wannan doka. Kwakwalwar crocodiles tana da girma dangane da yawan jikinsu kuma suna ba su damar ba da haɗin kai tare da wasu nau'ikan su yayin farauta.
7
Fatar dabbobi masu rarrafe ta bushe kuma, ba kamar masu amphibians ba, ba ta da ikon musayar iskar gas.
Yana ƙirƙira shingen kariya wanda ke iyakance fitar ruwa daga jiki. Ana iya rufe fata mai rarrafe da ƙulle-ƙulle, ƙulle-ƙulle, ko ma'auni. Fatar mai rarrafe ba ta da ɗorewa kamar fatar masu shayarwa saboda rashin ƙanƙara dermis. A gefe guda kuma, Dodon Komodo shima yana iya yin aiki. A cikin binciken mazes, an gano cewa kunkuru na itace suna jure su fiye da berayen.
8
Yayin da dabbobi masu rarrafe ke girma, dole ne su narke don ƙara girma.
Macizai na zubar da fatar jikinsu gaba daya, kadangaru kuma suna zubar da fatar jikinsu a tabo, sannan a cikin kada epidermis ya bare a wurare sai wani sabo ya tsiro a wannan wuri. Matasa masu rarrafe masu girma da sauri suna zubarwa kowane mako 5-6, yayin da tsofaffin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna zubar da sau 3-4 a shekara. Lokacin da suka kai matsakaicin girman su, tsarin molting yana raguwa sosai.
9
Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe na rana.
Hakan ya faru ne saboda yanayin sanyin jininsu, wanda ke sa dabbar ta fara aiki idan zafin Rana ya isa ƙasa.
10
Hangen su ya bunkasa sosai.
Godiya ga ayyukan yau da kullun, idanun dabbobi masu rarrafe suna iya ganin launuka kuma su fahimci zurfin. Idanuwansu sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na mazugi don hangen launi da ƙaramin adadin sanduna don hangen nesa na dare monochromatic. Don haka, hangen nesa na dare na dabbobi masu rarrafe ba shi da amfani a gare su.
11
Akwai kuma dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda a zahiri an rage hangen nesa zuwa sifili.
Waɗannan macizai ne na ƙungiyar Scolecophidia, waɗanda idanunsu suka ragu yayin juyin halitta kuma suna ƙarƙashin ma'aunin da ke rufe kai. Yawancin wakilan wadannan macizai suna jagorancin salon rayuwa, wasu suna haifuwa kamar hermaphrodites.
12
Lepidosaurs, wato sphenodonnts, da squamates (macizai, amphibians da lizards) suna da ido na uku.
Ita wannan gabar a kimiyance ana kiranta da ido parietal. Yana cikin rami tsakanin kasusuwan parietal. Yana iya karɓar hasken da ke hade da glandar pineal, wanda ke da alhakin samar da melatonin (hormone na barci) kuma yana da hannu a cikin tsarin tsarin zagaye na circadian da kuma samar da hormones masu mahimmanci don sarrafawa da inganta yanayin jiki.
13
A cikin dukkan dabbobi masu rarrafe, genitourinary fili da dubura suna buɗewa cikin wata gaɓa mai suna cloaca.
Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna fitar da uric acid; kunkuru kawai, kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna fitar da urea a cikin fitsarinsu. Kunkuru da galibin kadangaru ne kawai ke da mafitsara. Kadangaran marasa kafa irin su slowworm da saka idanu kadangare ba su da shi.
14
Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da fatar ido, fatar ido na uku da ke kare kwayar ido.
Duk da haka, wasu squamates (yafi geckos, platypuses, noctules da macizai) suna da ma'auni na gaskiya maimakon ma'auni, wanda ke ba da kariya mafi kyau daga lalacewa. Irin wannan sikelin ya taso a lokacin juyin halitta daga hadewar fatar ido na sama da na kasa, sabili da haka ana samun su a cikin kwayoyin da ba su da su.
15
Kunkuru suna da mafitsara biyu ko fiye.
Sun kasance wani muhimmin sashi na jiki, misali, mafitsara na kunkuru giwa zai iya kai kashi 20% na nauyin dabbar.
16
Duk dabbobi masu rarrafe suna amfani da huhun su don numfashi.
Hatta dabbobi masu rarrafe irin su kunkuru na teku, wadanda ke iya nutsewa cikin nisa, dole ne su zo saman lokaci zuwa lokaci don samun iska mai kyau.
17
Yawancin macizai suna da huhun huhun da ke aiki ɗaya kawai, wanda yake daidai.
A wasu macizai na hagu yana raguwa ko ba ya nan gaba ɗaya.
18
Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe kuma ba su da ƙoshi.
Wannan yana nufin dole ne su riƙe numfashi yayin da suke haɗiye ganima. Banda crocodiles da skinks, waɗanda suka sami ci gaba na biyu. A crocodiles, yana da ƙarin aikin kariya ga kwakwalwa, wanda zai iya lalacewa ta hanyar kare kansa daga ci.
19
Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna haifuwa ta hanyar jima'i kuma suna da oviparous.
Hakanan akwai nau'in ovoviviparous - galibi macizai. Kimanin kashi 20% na macizai suna ovoviviparous; wasu kadangaru, gami da jinkirin tsutsa, suma suna haifuwa ta wannan hanyar. Ana samun budurci sau da yawa a cikin mujiyoyin dare, hawainiya, agamids da senetids.
20
Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna yin ƙwai wanda aka lulluɓe da harsashi na fata ko na ƙwai. Duk dabbobi masu rarrafe suna yin ƙwai a ƙasa, har ma da waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa, kamar kunkuru.
Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa duka manya da embryos dole ne su shaka iska mai iska, wanda bai isa a karkashin ruwa ba. Musayar iskar gas tsakanin cikin kwai da muhallinta yana faruwa ne ta hanyar chorion, membrane serous na waje wanda ke rufe kwan.
21
Wakilin farko na "masu rarrafe na gaskiya" shine lizard Hylonomus lyelli.
Ya rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 312 da suka wuce, tsayinsa ya kai 20-25 cm kuma yayi kama da kadangaru na zamani. Saboda rashin isassun kayan burbushin halittu, har yanzu ana muhawara kan ko ya kamata a sanya wannan dabba a matsayin dabba mai rarrafe ko kuma ta amphibian.
22
Mafi girman rayayyun halittu shine kada ruwan gishiri.
Maza daga cikin wadannan kattai masu farauta sun kai tsayi fiye da 6,3 m kuma nauyin fiye da 1300 kg. Mace suna da rabin girmansu, amma har yanzu suna yin barazana ga mutane. Suna zaune a kudancin Asiya da Australasia, inda suke zaune a cikin ruwan gishiri na bakin tekun mangrove swamps da kogin deltas.
23
Mafi ƙanƙanta mai rarrafe shine hawainiya Brookesia nana.
Ana kuma kiransa nanochameleon kuma ya kai 29 mm tsawon (a cikin mata) da 22 mm (a cikin maza). Yana da yawa kuma yana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi na arewacin Madagascar. An gano wannan nau'in a cikin 2012 daga masanin ilimin kiwo na Jamus Frank Rainer Glo.
24
Dabbobi masu rarrafe na yau kanana ne idan aka kwatanta da dabbobi masu rarrafe na zamanin da. Dinosaur mafi girma da aka gano zuwa yau, magajin garin Patagotitan, yana da tsayin mita 37.
Wannan giant na iya yin nauyi daga 55 zuwa ma 69 ton. An gano wannan ne a cikin ginin dutsen Cerro Barcino a Argentina. Ya zuwa yanzu, an gano burbushin halittu na wakilai 6 na wannan nau'in, wadanda suka mutu a wannan wuri kimanin shekaru miliyan 101,5 da suka wuce.
25
Maciji mafi tsawo da dan Adam ya gano shi ne wakilin Python sebae, wanda ke zaune a kudanci da gabashin Afirka.
Ko da yake mambobin nau'in sun kan kai tsayin kusan mita 6, wanda ya yi rikodin harbi a wata makaranta a Bingerville, Ivory Coast, Afirka ta Yamma, ya kai mita 9,81.
26
A cewar WHO, tsakanin mutane miliyan 1.8 zuwa 2.7 ne maciji ke saran su a duk shekara.
A sakamakon haka, mutane tsakanin 80 zuwa 140 ne ke mutuwa, kuma sau uku an yanke wa mutane gabobi bayan cizon su.
27
Madagascar kasa ce ta hawainiya.
A halin yanzu, an bayyana nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi 202 kuma kusan rabinsu suna rayuwa a wannan tsibiri. Sauran nau'in suna zaune a Afirka, kudancin Turai, kudancin Asiya har zuwa Sri Lanka. Hakanan an gabatar da hawainiya zuwa Hawaii, California da Florida.
28
Kadangare daya ne kawai a duniya ke jagorantar salon rayuwar ruwa. Wannan shi ne marine iguana.
Wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda aka samo a cikin tsibirin Galapagos. Yawancin yini yana hutawa a kan duwatsun bakin teku kuma yana shiga cikin ruwa don neman abinci. Abincin iguana na marine ya ƙunshi ja da koren algae.
