Mun samu 25 bayanai masu ban sha'awa game da hippos
Daya daga cikin mafi hatsari kuma m dabbobi masu shayarwa.
A kallo na farko, hippos kamar dabbobi ne masu laushi da jinkirin. Baya ga giwaye, wadanda su kadai ne suka fi su girma, su ne dabbobi mafi girma a Afirka. Hakanan suna da ƙarfi da sauri, wanda idan aka haɗa da girmansu ya sa su zama ɗaya daga cikin dabbobin Afirka mafi haɗari. Ko da yake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutansu a cikin ruwa kuma danginsu na kusa su ne whales, su matalauta masu ninkaya amma ƙwararrun masu tsere a ƙasa. Abin baƙin ciki shine, waɗannan dabbobin suna ƙara ƙaranci kuma an rarraba nau'in a matsayin masu saurin lalacewa.
1
Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus) dabbar shayarwa ce mai santsi mai kofato daga dangin hippopotamus (Hippopotamidae).
Hippos suna da siffa mai girman jiki, fata mai kauri mai kauri, kusan ba ta da gashi, da kauri mai kitse mai kauri na subcutaneous. Suna jagorantar salon rayuwa mai ban tsoro kuma suna iya zama ƙarƙashin ruwa na dogon lokaci. Hippos, tare da sauran iyalai, suna cikin tsari na Artiodactyla, wanda ya haɗa da, da sauransu: raƙuma, shanu, barewa da alade. Duk da haka, hippos ba su da alaƙa da waɗannan dabbobin.
Tsohon Helenawa sun yi imanin cewa hippopotamus yana da alaƙa da doki (hippo ma'anar doki).
Har zuwa 1985, masu ilimin halitta sun haɗa hippos tare da aladu na gida bisa tsarin hakora. Bayanan da aka samo daga nazarin sunadarai na jini, kwayoyin halitta (hanyoyin ci gaban kakanni, asali da sauye-sauyen juyin halitta), DNA da burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa danginsu na kusa su ne cetaceans - whales, porpoises, dolphins, da dai sauransu. Gabaɗaya kakan kakan whales da hippos. ya bambanta daga sauran artiodactyls kimanin shekaru miliyan 60 da suka wuce.
3
Halin Hippopotamus ya ƙunshi nau'in rai guda ɗaya da ake samu a Afirka.
Wannan shi ne hippopotamus na Nilu (Hippopotamus amphibius), wanda sunansa ya fito daga tsohuwar Hellenanci kuma yana nufin "dokin kogi" (ἱπποπόταμος).
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Hippos na ɗaya daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Saboda girmansa, irin wannan mutum yana da wuya a auna a cikin daji. Ƙididdiga sun nuna cewa matsakaicin nauyin maza na manya shine 1500-1800 kg. Mata sun fi maza ƙanƙanta, matsakaicin nauyin su shine 1300-1500 kg. Maza maza na iya ma auna fiye da 3000 kg. Hippos sun kai iyakar nauyin jikinsu a ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Mata suna kai matsakaicin nauyin jikinsu a kusan shekaru 25.
5
Hippos ya kai matsakaicin mita 3,5-5 a tsayi kuma mita 1,5 a tsayi a bushes.
Nauyin kai na iya zuwa kilogiram 225. Wadannan dabbobin na iya bude bakinsu zuwa nisan kusan mita 1, kuma tsawon hakoransu ya kai tsayin cm 30.
6
Hippos suna jagorancin salon rayuwa mai ban tsoro.
Mafi sau da yawa suna zama a cikin ruwa da rana kuma suna aiki kawai da yamma da kuma dare. Daga nan sai su je bakin teku su rika tauna ciyawa a cikin ciyayi da ke kusa da ruwa (Suna ciyar da tsire-tsire na ruwa). Don neman abinci, za su iya tafiya har zuwa kilomita 8 a cikin ƙasa.
A kan ƙasa, duk da girman girmansu, suna iya gudu fiye da mutane. Gudun su na iya tafiya daga 30 zuwa 40, wani lokacin kuma 50 km/h, amma a kan ɗan gajeren nisa, har zuwa mita ɗari da yawa.
7
Suna da siffar siffa.
Jikinsu mai siffar ganga ne ba gashi. Bristles suna nan a kan muzzle da wutsiya kawai. Ƙafafun gajere ne, kai babba ne. An daidaita kwarangwal ɗinsu don jure babban nauyin dabbar, ruwan da suke rayuwa a cikinsa yana rage kiba saboda yawan hawan jiki. Idanu, kunnuwa da hanci suna tsaye a saman rufin kwanyar, godiya ga abin da waɗannan dabbobin za su iya nutsar da su gaba ɗaya a cikin ruwa da silin koguna na wurare masu zafi. Dabbobi suna yin sanyi a ƙarƙashin ruwa, wanda ke kare su daga kunar rana.
Hakanan ana siffanta hippos da dogayen hatso (kimanin cm 30) da yatsu huɗu da ke haɗe da membrane na yanar gizo.
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Fatar jikinsu, kauri kusan santimita 4, tana da kashi 25% na nauyin jikinsu.
Ana kiyaye ta daga rana da wani abu da yake ɓoyewa, wanda shine tace hasken rana. Wannan fitowar wacce ba jini ko gumi ba, da farko ba ta da launi, bayan wasu ‘yan mintoci sai ta koma ja-orange daga karshe ta koma launin ruwan kasa. Ya ƙunshi pigments guda biyu (ja da lemu) waɗanda ke da ƙarfi mahaɗan sinadarai na acidic, tare da launin ja kuma yana da kaddarorin bacteriostatic kuma mai yuwuwa kasancewa maganin rigakafi. Hasken haske na duka pigments yana da iyaka a cikin kewayon ultraviolet, wanda ke kare hippos daga zafi mai yawa. Saboda kalar sirrin su, an ce hippos suna “jini.”
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Hippos suna rayuwa kimanin shekaru 40 a cikin daji kuma har zuwa 50 a cikin bauta.
Shahararriyar hippopotamus da ke zaune a zaman bauta a gidan zoo na Evansville a Indiana shine hippopotamus "Donna", wanda ya rayu a can tsawon shekaru 56. Daya daga cikin tsofaffin hippos a duniya, Hipolis mai shekaru 55, ya mutu a cikin 2016 a gidan Zoo na Chorzow. Ya zauna tare da abokin tarayya guda, Khamba, tsawon shekaru 45. Tare suna da zuriya 14. Khamba ya mutu a shekara ta 2011.
10
Bayan cin abinci, hippos suna ciyar da rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya cikin ruwa.
Suna ciyarwa har zuwa sa'o'i 16 a rana a can a matsayin hanyar kwantar da hankali. Suna zama da farko a cikin wuraren zama na ruwa, amma yawancin jama'a a Yammacin Afirka galibi suna zaune a cikin tudu kuma ana iya samun su a teku. Ba su ne ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu ninkaya ba - suna yin iyo a cikin gudun kilomita 8 / h. Manya ba za su iya yin iyo a cikin ruwa ba, amma kawai suna tsayawa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Yara za su iya shawagi a saman ruwa kuma galibi suna iyo, suna motsa gaɓoɓin bayansu. Suna zuwa saman don yin numfashi kowane minti 4-6. Yara kanana suna iya rufe hancinsu idan sun nutse cikin ruwa. Tsarin hawan hawan da numfashi yana faruwa ta atomatik, har ma da hippopotamus da ke barci a karkashin ruwa yana fitowa ba tare da farkawa ba.
11
Hippos suna haihuwa a cikin ruwa kuma an haife su cikin ruwa.
Mata sun kai shekaru 5-6 na jima'i, kuma maza a shekaru 7,5. Ma'aurata suna yin jima'i a cikin ruwa. Ciki yana ɗaukar watanni 8. Hippos na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka haifa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. An haifi ’ya’ya masu nauyin kilogiram 25 zuwa 45 kuma tsawonsu ya kai kusan cm 127. Yawanci an haifi maraƙi guda ɗaya, ko da yake akwai juna biyu tagwaye. Ciyar da yara kanana da nonon uwa kuma yana faruwa a cikin ruwa, kuma yaye yana faruwa bayan shekara guda.
12
Suna samun abinci galibi a ƙasa.
Suna ciyar da sa'o'i hudu zuwa biyar a rana suna cin abinci kuma suna iya cin abinci har kilo 68 a lokaci guda. Suna ciyar da ciyawa galibi akan ciyayi, zuwa ƙarancin ciyayi a cikin ruwa, kuma idan babu abinci da aka fi so, akan sauran tsire-tsire. Haka kuma akwai sanannun lamura na dabi'ar ɓata rai, ɗabi'a na cin nama, kamun kai har ma da cin naman mutane, duk da cewa ciki na hippopotamuses bai dace da narkar da abincin nama ba. Wannan dabi'a ce da ba ta dace ba, mai yiyuwa ne ta dalilin rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki.
Marubutan Mujallar Mammal Review sun yi iƙirarin cewa kaddara abu ne na halitta ga hippopotamus. A ra'ayinsu, wannan rukuni na dabbobi yana da yanayin abincin nama, tun da danginsu na kusa, whales, masu cin nama ne.
13
Hippos yanki ne kawai a cikin ruwa.
Nazarin dangantakar hippopotamuses yana da wahala saboda ba su da dimorphism na jima'i - maza da mata ba a iya bambanta su a zahiri. Ko da yake sun kasance kusa da juna, ba sa kulla zumunci. A cikin ruwa, mafi rinjaye maza suna kare wani yanki na kogin, kimanin mita 250, tare da kimanin mata 10. Mafi girman irin wannan al'umma yana da kusan mutane 100. Waɗannan yankuna an ƙaddara su ta hanyar dokokin kwafi. Akwai bambancin jinsi a cikin garken - an haɗa su ta hanyar jima'i. Lokacin ciyarwa, ba sa nuna ilhami na yanki.
14
Hippos suna da hayaniya sosai.
Sautunan da suke yi suna tunawa da kukan alade, kodayake kuma suna iya yin ƙara da ƙarfi. Ana iya jin muryarsu da rana, domin da dare ba sa magana.
15
Hippos Nile suna rayuwa a cikin wani nau'in symbiosis tare da wasu tsuntsaye.
Suna ƙyale karen zinare su zauna a bayansu suna cinye ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari da ke azabtar da su daga fatar jikinsu.
16
Ana ganin Hippos a matsayin dabbobi masu yawan tashin hankali.
Suna nuna tashin hankali ga kada da ke zaune a cikin ruwa guda, musamman lokacin da 'yan hippos ke kusa.
Har ila yau, ana kai hare-hare kan mutane, ko da yake babu wata kididdiga mai inganci kan wannan lamari. An yi kiyasin cewa mutane kusan 500 ne ake kashewa a rikicin da ake yi tsakanin mutane da hippos a kowace shekara, sai dai ana watsa wadannan bayanai ne ta hanyar baki daga kauye zuwa kauye, ba tare da tabbatar da yadda mutumin ya mutu ba.
Hippos ba kasafai suke kashe juna ba. Idan aka yi fada tsakanin mazaje, sai wanda ya yarda cewa makiya sun fi karfi.
Har ila yau, yakan faru cewa maza suna ƙoƙari su kashe 'ya'yansu, ko kuma mace ta yi ƙoƙari ta kashe namiji, tana kare matasa - wannan yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin yanayi na gaggawa, lokacin da abinci ya yi yawa kuma yankin da garken ya mamaye ya ragu.
17
Don yiwa yankinsu alama a cikin ruwa, hippos suna nuna halin ban mamaki.
A lokacin bayan gida, suna girgiza wutsiya da ƙarfi don yada najasa gwargwadon yiwuwa kuma su yi fitsari a baya.
18
An san Hippos ga masana tarihi tun zamanin da.
Hotunan farko na waɗannan dabbobin su ne zane-zane na dutse (sassaƙa) a tsaunukan tsakiyar Sahara. Ɗayan daga cikinsu yana nuna lokacin da mutane ke farautar hippopotamus.
A Masar, ana ɗaukar waɗannan dabbobi masu haɗari ga ɗan adam har sai sun lura da yadda ƴan hippos mata ke kula da zuriyarsu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, allahn Toeris, mai kare ciki da kuma lokacin haihuwa, an kwatanta shi a matsayin mace mai kai na hippopotamus.
19
Akwai kaɗan kuma kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan dabbobi a duniya.
A cikin 2006, an rarraba hippos a matsayin masu rauni ga bacewa a cikin Jajayen Nauyin Barazana waɗanda Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta (IUCN) ta ƙirƙira, tare da ƙididdigar yawansu a kusan mutane 125. fuskoki.
Babban barazana ga hippos shine yanke su daga jikunan ruwa.
Har ila yau, mutane suna kashe waɗannan dabbobi don naman su, kitsensu, fata da kuma na sama.
20
A halin yanzu, hippos na Nilu suna rayuwa ne kawai a tsakiyar Afirka da Kudancin Afirka.
Mafi sau da yawa ana iya samun su a cikin tudu, tafkuna da koguna na Sudan, Somaliya, Kenya da Uganda, da Ghana, Gambia, Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu, Zambia da Zimbabwe.
A lokacin kankara na karshe, hippos suma suna zaune a Arewacin Afirka da ma a Turai, tunda sun saba da rayuwa a yanayin sanyi, muddin suna da tafki mara kankara a hannunsu. Duk da haka, mutum ne ya halaka su.
21
Godiya ga shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi Pablo Escobar, an kuma sami hippos a Colombia.
An kawo dabbobin zuwa gidan ajiye namun daji na Escobar da ke gidan kiwo na Hacienda Napoles a cikin shekarun 80. Garken ya kunshi mata uku da namiji daya. Bayan mutuwar Escobar a cikin 1993, an ƙaura da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa daga wannan gidan namun daji zuwa wani wuri, amma hippos sun kasance. Da wuya a sami abin jigilar waɗannan manya-manyan dabbobi, kuma tun lokacin suka yi rayuwarsu ba tare da sun dame kowa ba.
22
"Cocaine hippos" (ana kiran su don haka saboda abubuwan da suka shafi sana'ar mai su) sun riga sun yada kilomita 100 daga wurin zama na asali.
A halin yanzu, akwai da yawa daga cikinsu a cikin kogin Magdalena, kuma mazauna Medellin da kewaye sun riga sun saba da kusancin su - sun zama wurin shakatawa na gida.
Hukumomin kasar dai ba sa daukar kasancewar hippos a matsayin matsala a halin yanzu, amma nan gaba idan yawansu ya karu zuwa dabbobi 400-500, hakan na iya haifar da barazana ga rayuwar sauran dabbobin da suke ciyar da su a wurare guda.
23
Masana kimiyya sun yi kiyasin cewa a halin yanzu akwai 'yan hippos kusan 80 da ke zaune a yankin.
Tun daga 2012, yawansu ya kusan rubanya.
24
Kasancewar waɗannan manyan dabbobin da ba a kula da su ba na iya ɓata yanayin yanayin gida sosai.
A cewar bincike, najasar hippopotamus (batsa cikin ruwa) yana canza matakin iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, wanda zai iya cutar da ba kawai kwayoyin da ke zaune a can ba, har ma da mutane.
Dabbobin kuma suna lalata amfanin gona kuma suna iya zama masu tayar da hankali - wani mutum mai shekaru 45 ya samu munanan raunuka bayan da wani 'kwakwalwar kwakwa' ya kai masa hari.
25
An yi la'akari da yiwuwar lalata kwarin gwiwar Escobar, amma ra'ayoyin jama'a sun nuna adawa da hakan.
Enrique Cerda Ordonez, masanin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Kasa ta Colombia, ya yi imanin cewa jefa wadannan dabbobi zai zama mafita mai kyau ga matsalar, ko da yake saboda girmansu zai yi matukar wahala.
